{"id":11967,"date":"2017-10-20T08:56:16","date_gmt":"2017-10-20T06:56:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/egophobia.ro\/?p=11967"},"modified":"2017-10-15T14:03:26","modified_gmt":"2017-10-15T12:03:26","slug":"putin-despre-artele-martiale-romanesti-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/?p=11967","title":{"rendered":"Pu\u0163in despre artele mar\u0163iale rom\u00e2ne\u015fti [I]"},"content":{"rendered":"

de\u00a0Mihai-Andrei Aldea<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “[Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii din Moldova…] Sunt oameni groaznici \u015fi\u00a0<\/i><\/span>\u00a0foarte viteji;\u00a0 \u015fi nici c\u0103 este pe fa\u0163a p\u0103m<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ntului\u00a0<\/span><\/i>un alt popor care pentru <\/em>
\ngloria r\u0103zboinic\u0103\u00a0<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u015fi eroism s\u0103 apere o \u0163\u0103ri\u015foar\u0103 mai mic\u0103\u00a0contra mai multor du\u015fmani,\u00a0<\/span><\/i>atac<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ndu-i sau resping<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ndu-i\u00a0<\/span><\/i>\u00a0f\u0103r\u0103 <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>ncetare<\/span><\/i>”
\n[Stanis\u0142aw Orzechowski]<\/span><\/p>\n

A.<\/span><\/b> No\u0163iuni l\u0103muritoare<\/span><\/p>\n

1) Prin arte mar\u0163iale se <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163eleg, de obicei, dou\u0103 lucruri diferite: sporturile de lupt\u0103 \u015fi artele mar\u0163iale propriu-zise. Deosebirea dintre aceste dou\u0103 categorii const\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n faptul c\u0103 ultima categorie este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din discipline ce au ca scop preg\u0103tirea pentru lupta real\u0103 pe via\u0163\u0103 \u015fi pe moarte. Totu\u015fi, aici vom folosi termenul <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163elesul s\u0103u mai larg, dublu.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Dou\u0103 confuzii apas\u0103 asupra <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163elegerii artelor mar\u0163iale <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n general, \u015fi a celor din afara Asiei <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n special.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>Prima este aceea a sistematiz\u0103rii artelor mar\u0163iale<\/i>. Cei obi\u015fnui\u0163i cu artele mar\u0163iale moderne<\/i> se a\u015fteapt\u0103 s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n orice form\u0103 de arte mar\u0163iale. Dac\u0103 se poate, de la gradele<\/i> practican\u0163ilor \u015fi p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 la <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mp\u0103r\u0163irea tehnicilor folosite. Dar, de pild\u0103, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n secolul al XIX-le Okinawa-Te<\/i> era foarte departe de a fi o art\u0103 mar\u0163ial\u0103 modern\u0103. Sistematizarea \u2013 cu grade pentru practican\u0163i, cu <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mp\u0103r\u0163irea tehnicilor <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n tipuri de pozi\u0163ii, lovituri, ap\u0103r\u0103ri etc. \u2013 nu exista. Ea se face de c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>\u0163iva mae\u015ftri, pricepu\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n \u201eb\u0103taia de Okinawa<\/i>\u201d sau \u201em<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>na de Okinawa<\/span><\/i>\u201d cum era numit\u0103. Ginkin Funakoshi va transforma aceast\u0103 art\u0103 mar\u0163ial\u0103 popular\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ceea ce ast\u0103zi cunoa\u015ftem sub numele de karate<\/i>. Desigur, nu singur, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce trece timpul al\u0103tur<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndu-i-se \u015fi al\u0163i oameni care, unind talentul, d\u0103rurirea, munca sistematic\u0103 \u015fi inteligen\u0163a, au participat la aceast\u0103 construc\u0163ie. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n acela\u015fi fel, savat<\/i>-ul sau boxul fran\u0163uezesc<\/i>, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care lupta se d\u0103 cu m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>inile \u015fi picioarele \u2013 spre deosebire de boxul englezesc, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care nu exist\u0103 lovituri de picior \u2013 apare ca o art\u0103 mar\u0163ial\u0103 popular\u0103. \u015ei, secole de-a r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndul, este folosit de b\u0103t\u0103u\u015fii din sud-estul Fran\u0163ei, din Catalonia francez\u0103 \u015fi alte zone <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nvecinate, p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd ajunge s\u0103 fie preluat, sistematizat \u015fi transformat <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-o art\u0103 mar\u0163ial\u0103 modern\u0103. Prin aceste dou\u0103 exemple ar\u0103t\u0103m c\u0103 existen\u0163a unei nomenclaturi<\/i> sistematice, a unui cadru riguros de predare etc. \u0163ine mai mult de cultura livresc\u0103, de cerin\u0163ele moderne \u015fi nu de tipicul vechi al celor mai multe culturi \u015fi arte mar\u0163iale. Astfel <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t dispre\u0163ul fa\u0163\u0103 de artele mar\u0163iale <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103 nesistematizate ar trebui s\u0103 fie <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nlocuit de bucuria <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163eleapt\u0103 pe care au avut-o cei care au descoperit \u015fi valorificat artele mar\u0163iale moderne.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>A doua confuzie comun\u0103 este a <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>ncadr\u0103rii artelor mar\u0163iale<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n mas\u0103, la \u201eproduc\u0163ie oriental\u0103\u201d, eventual \u201eextrem oriental\u0103\u201d. Nu doar c\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nsu\u015fi termenul de arte mar\u0163iale<\/i> este latin \u015fi se r\u0103sp<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nde\u015fte <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Europa <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nainte de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>lnirea cu artele mar\u0163iale orientale. Dar arte mar\u0163iale, chiar sistematizate, exist\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n multe p\u0103r\u0163i ale lumii <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103 din Antichitate. De la cele practicate de Egipteni, Hicso\u015fi, Par\u0163i, Traci, Romani, Cel\u0163i, Evrei sau Greci \u015fi p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 la forme din Asia, Oceania sau Americi. Concret, oriunde au existat r\u0103zboaie au ap\u0103rut forme de arte mar\u0163iale, uneori cu arme extrem de specifice. Orice popor implicat <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n lupte dezvolt\u0103 forme de preg\u0103tire <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n arte mar\u0163iale. Termenul (latin) se r\u0103sp<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nde\u015fte <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Europa medieval\u0103 cu referire, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n primul r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd, la Scrim\u0103 \u015fi alte arte mar\u0163iale apropiate. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n englez\u0103 s-a preferat mult\u0103 vreme termenul de “arts of war”. (In)Cultura de cinema <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>i face pe mul\u0163i s\u0103 confunde artele mar\u0163iale cu o categorie particular\u0103, artele mar\u0163iale extrem-orientale (chineze\u015fti, nipone, coreene etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163elese aceste dou\u0103 confuzii, abordarea artelor mar\u0163iale rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti cap\u0103t\u0103 alt\u0103 perspectiv\u0103. Pot fi mai u\u015for de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163eles \u015fi sistematizarea prezent\u0103rii lor devine clar\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ca \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n alte locuri, artele mar\u0163iale rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti cuprind, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n mare, dou\u0103 categorii: artele mar\u0163iale moderne \u015fi artele mar\u0163iale populare.<\/span><\/p>\n

Artele mar\u0163iale moderne din p\u0103r\u0163ile noastre sunt, la r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndul lor, de dou\u0103 feluri: europene \u015fi asiatice.<\/span><\/p>\n

Artele mar\u0163iale europene practicate <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nia <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ultimele secole sunt, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n primul r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd, forme de scrim\u0103. De la \u015fcolile de scrim\u0103 din Muntenia \u015fi Moldova, inspirate, dup\u0103 caz, din scrima francez\u0103, scrima german\u0103, scrima ungar\u0103, scrima italian\u0103 sau scrima rus\u0103, mai rar cea spaniol\u0103 \u015fi p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 la cele din Bucovina, Pocu\u0163ia, Maramure\u015f, Transilvania, Cri\u015fana, Banat etc. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n aceste ultime p\u0103r\u0163i, care au fost sub st\u0103p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>niri str\u0103ine, \u015fcolile occidentale de scrim\u0103 \u2013 iar <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n regiunile ocupate de Rusia, \u015fi cele ruse\u015fti \u2013 au fost o prezen\u0163\u0103 permanent\u0103 \u015fi clar\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>nc\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n 1840, \u201eAcademia Mih\u0103ilean\u0103\u201d din Ia\u015fi, sub conducerea lui Gh. Asachi, avea ca materii obligatorii scrima<\/i>, gimnastica<\/i> \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>notul<\/span><\/i>. Ultimele dou\u0103 fiind privite ca auxiliare foarte importante pentru preg\u0103tirea de r\u0103zboi\/lupt\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tot scrima<\/i> cuprinde <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ns\u0103 \u015fi formele mar\u0163iale orientale;<\/i> precum cele aduse de t\u0103tari, cercehezi, turci, persani etc. <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n \u0162\u0103rile Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne (Bosforan, Cimeria, Zaporojia, Vozia, Podolia, Moldova, Sci\u0163ia Mic\u0103 sau Dicia ori Dobrogea, Muntenia etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n

De asemenea, tragerea cu arcul<\/i>, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii au o tradi\u0163ie extrem de veche, a avut parte \u015fi de influen\u0163e europene \u2013 ca arcul englez<\/i>, practicat de cei care au studiat <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Anglia. Dar \u015fi de influen\u0163e asiatice \u2013 ca cele venite pe filier\u0103 t\u0103t\u0103rasc\u0103<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dar \u015fi scrima<\/i> sau lupta cu sabia<\/i>, \u015fi trasul cu arcul<\/i> sau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>ntinsul arcului<\/span><\/i> au r\u0103d\u0103cinile \u015fi formele lor autohtone, rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti. Desigur, nu vorbim aici de forme dezvoltate izolat, care nu pot exista dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t excep\u0163ional, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cine \u015ftie ce enclave \u2013 dac\u0103 sunt \u015fi acolo. Dar a\u015fa cum schimburile <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre \u015fcolile de scrim\u0103 fran\u0163uze\u015fti, spaniole, italiene \u015fi germane nu au <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mpiedicat d\u0103inuirea acestora, tot la fel s-a <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mplat \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cazul nostru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sunt doar c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>teva exemple, pe care le vom dezvolta mai jos, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncerc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd s\u0103 schi\u0163\u0103m liniile principale ale artelor mar\u0163iale rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ne\u015fti<\/span><\/i>, a\u015fa cum le-am g\u0103sit <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n sursele istorice \u015fi etnologice. Pornind de la un adev\u0103r simplu, deplin atestat: <\/span>\u00ce<\/span><\/b>n vechime era de ne<\/span><\/b>\u00ee<\/span><\/b>nchipuit ca un B\u0102RBAT ROM<\/span><\/b>\u00c2<\/span><\/b>N s\u0103 nu \u015ftie bine s\u0103 r\u0103suceasc\u0103 sabia, s\u0103 <\/span><\/b>\u00ee<\/span><\/b>ntind\u0103 arcul, s\u0103 m<\/span><\/b>\u00e2<\/span><\/b>nuiasc\u0103 lancea\/suli\u0163a lung\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103reasc\u0103.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B.<\/span><\/b> Dup\u0103 ce am f\u0103cut o introducere <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n acest domeniu, continu\u0103m cu o parte intermediar\u0103. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>nainte de a trece la artele mar\u0163iale rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ne\u015fti<\/span><\/i> propriu-zise, vom atinge pu\u0163in problema unor viet\u0103\u0163i care au fost de ajutor Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nului at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n lupta <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mpotriva altor oameni c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t \u015fi la v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toare. Chiar dac\u0103 nu direct implicate <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n artele mar\u0163iale<\/i> \u2013 cu excep\u0163ia calului<\/i> \u2013 ele sunt parte al unei lumi de lupt\u0103tori<\/i> \u015fi merit\u0103 o scurt\u0103 prezentare.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

a. Calul<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Calul<\/span><\/i> apare <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Preistorie, fiind domesticit \u2013 sau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mbl<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nzit, la <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nceput \u2013 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Asia Central\u0103, de unde cre\u015fterea lui se r\u0103sp<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nde\u015fte \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Europa, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre Marea Baltic\u0103 \u015fi Marea Tracic\u0103. Din c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>te se pare, la <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nceput caii<\/i> \u2013 m\u0103run\u0163i \u2013 erau crescu\u0163i pentru lapte (salvator pentru copiii ai c\u0103ror mame mureau sau r\u0103m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>neau f\u0103r\u0103 lapte) \u015fi carne. Mai t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rziu, se <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncepe folosirea cailor<\/i> \u015fi pentru a duce poveri, a trage \u015fi a duce oameni (c\u0103l\u0103rie). Mai apoi se ivesc \u015fi lupt\u0103torii c\u0103lare<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 dovezi c\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nainte de cal<\/i> a existat o cultur\u0103 a cerbului<\/i>. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n ce m\u0103sur\u0103 era un animal doar v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nat sau \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>mbl<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nzit<\/span><\/i> – poate chiar domestic<\/i> – nu poate fi spus deocamdat\u0103, cercet\u0103rile arheologice <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103 nu au abordat aceast\u0103 problem\u0103. Unele m\u0103rturii folclorice vechi par a atesta o asemenea practic\u0103. Existen\u0163a unor cerbi<\/i> ca parteneri de lupt\u0103 ai unor r\u0103zboinici legendari<\/i> pare s\u0103 nu fie at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t de “mitic\u0103” precum se crede adesea: este bine atestat istoric faptul c\u0103 Mihai Viteazul a avut doi cerbi<\/i> care <\/b><\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/b>l <\/span><\/b>\u00ee<\/span><\/b>nso\u0163eau <\/span><\/b>\u00ee<\/span><\/b>n lupt\u0103, lupt<\/span><\/b>\u00e2<\/span><\/b>nd al\u0103turi de el.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 o mo\u015ftenire venit\u0103 de la cerb<\/i> la nivelul practicilor mar\u0163iale, calul<\/i> se va impune <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>teva mii de ani pe o suprafa\u0163\u0103 ce merge din Extremul Orient <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Extremul Occident, de la hotarul nordic al turmelor de reni \u015fi p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 la linia c\u0103milelor<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Africa sau a zonelor – prin compara\u0163ie, enclave – dominate de elefant<\/i> sau alte vite de povar\u0103<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n India \u015fi Himalaia. <\/span><\/p>\n

Spre a veni la istoria noastr\u0103, amintim c\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n vremurea Antichit\u0103\u0163ii, Galii cunosc \u015fi ei calul, dar nu <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>l folosesc la fel de mult ca alte popoare. Este animal de povar\u0103 \u015fi de c\u0103l\u0103rie, f\u0103r\u0103 a constitui un reper fundamental pentru cultura celt\u0103. Cel pu\u0163in cu excep\u0163ia cavalerilor cel\u0163i<\/i>, la care calul<\/i> era semn al superiorit\u0103\u0163ii sociale \u015fi militare. <\/span><\/p>\n

Romanii au corpuri de cavalerie pe l<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ng\u0103 fiecare legiune, precum \u015fi ordine cavalere\u015fti. Totu\u015fi procentul c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163ilor nu este foarte mare <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n epocile vechi.. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>ns\u0103 cei care exist\u0103 sunt, ca to\u0163i militarii romani, foarte bine preg\u0103ti\u0163i. Situa\u0163ia se schimb\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n clipa <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care Sf<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ntul Constantin cel Mare \u2013 \u015fi urma\u015fii s\u0103i \u2013 dezvolt\u0103 mili\u0163iile populare<\/i>, prin <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mp\u0103m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ntenirea cohortelor legionare \u015fi auxiliilor folosite la ap\u0103rarea limesului<\/i> \u015fi pentru alte nevoi interne. Mai ales <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n zonele dominate de amestecul traco-scitic \u2013 precum Panonia, p\u0103r\u0163i din Noricum, Dacia, Moesia, Sci\u0163ia Mic\u0103, zona nord-pontic\u0103 etc. \u2013 mili\u0163iile populare <\/i>folosesc foarte mult caii, indiferent dac\u0103 lupta propriu-zis\u0103 o dau c\u0103lare sau pe jos. <\/span><\/p>\n

La Traci, din punctul de vedere al folosirii calului, putem spune c\u0103 avem dou\u0103 tipuri de popula\u0163ie tracic\u0103: cea care folose\u015fte calul, s\u0103 zicem utilitar<\/i>, pentru munc\u0103 \u015fi eventual pentru r\u0103zboi (Tracii A\u015feza\u0163i<\/i>); \u015fi aceea pentru care calul este o parte esen\u0163ial\u0103 a vie\u0163ii (Tracii C\u0103l\u0103tori<\/i>). Bistonii, Besii \u015fi, mai ales, Ge\u0163ii, sunt Tracii binecunoscu\u0163i pentru caii lor \u015fi valoarea lor de c\u0103l\u0103re\u015fi \u015fi de lupt\u0103tori c\u0103lare<\/i>. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>nc\u0103 din vremea r\u0103zboiului din Troia unele ramuri tracice (Tracii C\u0103l\u0103tori) sunt legate de cai \u015fi c\u0103l\u0103rie la un nivel aproape fiin\u0163ial. <\/span><\/p>\n

Am l\u0103sat la urm\u0103 Sci\u0163ii<\/i>, ca popor pentru care calul \u015fi c\u0103l\u0103ria sunt aproape totul. Chiar \u015fi Sci\u0163ii de P\u0103dure<\/i>, care <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>\u015fi duceau via\u0163a mai ales <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n zone de silvostep\u0103 \u015fi codru, foloseau cai<\/i> m\u0103run\u0163i<\/i> \u2013 \u015fi chiar cerbi<\/i> \u2013 ca animale de c\u0103l\u0103rie. Sci\u0163ii de C<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpie, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n schimb, erau lega\u0163i de cai <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-un fel greu de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nchipuit pentru mul\u0163i dintre cei de ast\u0103zi. De\u015fi, dac\u0103 punem semnul egal <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre ma\u015finile de ast\u0103zi \u015fi caii de ieri, cred c\u0103 sunt mul\u0163i Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni care se pot l\u0103uda cu o origine Scito-Getic\u0103, pre\u0163uind mai mult calul (ma\u015fina) dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t locuin\u0163a. La fel era \u015fi la Sci\u0163i, unde copilul <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nv\u0103\u0163a de obicei <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>i nu s\u0103 mearg\u0103, ci s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103reasc\u0103 \u2013 o f\u0103cea, implicit din burta mamei, tot implicit din vremea al\u0103pt\u0103rii, ajung<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd s\u0103 stea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n desagii de pe cal sau pe cal <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nainte s\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nve\u0163e s\u0103 mearg\u0103. B\u0103rba\u0163i sau femei, pentru Sci\u0163i c\u0103l\u0103ria era mai fireasc\u0103 dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ncatul. Faptul c\u0103 la multe dintre ramurile \u015fi triburile scitice femeia era lupt\u0103toare \u2013 p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 acolo c\u0103 unele nu se c\u0103s\u0103toreau p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 nu v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>naser\u0103 un bour, un zimbru sau un urs \u2013 f\u0103cea din c\u0103l\u0103rie un modus vivendi<\/i> pentru am<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndou\u0103 genurile, deci \u015fi pentru to\u0163i copiii. Chiar \u015fi femeile care din pricina sarcinii nu mai puteau sta pe cal, chiar \u015fi cei at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t de bolnavi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t nu mai puteau sta dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntin\u015fi, r\u0103m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>neau cumva lega\u0163i de cal: casa<\/i> era <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n primul r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>n c\u0103ru\u0163e<\/span><\/i>. Corturile erau folosite mai rar pentru locuit dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t c\u0103ru\u0163ele sau calul. Este un fel de a tr\u0103i<\/i> pe care <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>l mai <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0163eleg ast\u0103zi doar pu\u0163ini Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni care, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n unele p\u0103r\u0163i ale Moldovei \u015fi Dun\u0103rii de Jos <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103 mai sunt lega\u0163i de cai extrem de puternic (r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163\u0103 a Rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nilor C\u0103l\u0103tori<\/span><\/i> de alt\u0103dat\u0103). Sau, eventual, unele grupuri mici de cazaci, urma\u015fii rusifica\u0163i ai Sci\u0163ilor \u015fi Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor de demult.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n istoria Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103 de la Str\u0103rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni calul<\/i> este o prezen\u0163\u0103 ne<\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncetat\u0103. Nu doar pentru munc\u0103, ci mai ales pentru \u015ftiin\u0163a armelor<\/i> (<\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n trecut pentru munc\u0103 se foloseau mai mult boii<\/i> \u015fi m\u0103garii<\/i>, cat<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>rii<\/span><\/i> etc.). Laptele de iap\u0103 este folosit, dar mai ales extern \u015fi foarte rar <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n alimenta\u0163ie (pentru copiii a c\u0103ror mam\u0103 nu mai are lapte \u015fi c\u0103rora nu li se g\u0103se\u015fte doic\u0103). M<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ncarea c\u0103rnii de cal este foarte rar <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>lnit\u0103 la Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni \u015fi doar <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n zonele de influen\u0163\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103 masiv\u0103 \u2013 ca cea a T\u0103tarilor. De fapt m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ncarea c\u0103rnii de cal \u2013 ca \u015fi cea a c\u0103rnii de urs<\/i> \u2013 este socotit\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n multe p\u0103r\u0163i ale Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nimii aproape un act de canibalism \u015fi asimilat\u0103 p\u0103g<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nilor<\/span><\/i>. Exist\u0103 \u015fi locuri <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii accept\u0103 (tradi\u0163ional) aceste alimente, dar sunt pu\u0163ine \u015fi de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntindere mic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

Existen\u0163a, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Antichitatea t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rzie, a cultului Cavalerilor Danubieni<\/i> este parte a unei spiritualit\u0103\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care calul \u015fi via\u0163a ost\u0103\u015feasc\u0103 sunt esen\u0163iale. Putere, libertate, iu\u0163eal\u0103, frumuse\u0163e, demnitate, tactic\u0103 \u015fi strategie, s\u0103n\u0103tate, iat\u0103 c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>teva din darurile pe care lupt\u0103torul le prime\u015fte prin mijlocirea acestui animal nobil. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>lnirea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre tradi\u0163ia preistoric\u0103 a folosirii cailor \u015fi noua demnitate pe care o cap\u0103t\u0103 omul <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Cre\u015ftinism, ca osta\u015f al lui Dumnezeu<\/i>, se vede \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n statutul implicit de c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163 pe care <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>l au aproape to\u0163i sfin\u0163ii lupt\u0103tori, de la Andrei Stratilat la Marele Mucenic Gheorghe sau Dimitrie. Iconografia veche este o puternic\u0103 m\u0103rturie <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n aceast\u0103 privin\u0163\u0103. Dezamarea<\/i> Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor din ultimele veacuri se vede \u015fi aici, print transformarea treptat\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n “pedestra\u015fi” a sfin\u0163ilor c\u0103l\u0103ri din trecut.<\/span><\/p>\n

Migratorii ce lovesc Dacia Roman\u0103, Regatul Iazigilor Metana\u015fti (stat clientelar Roman), Panonia ori Sci\u0163ia Mic\u0103, au de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nfruntat nu doar valurile de p\u0103m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nt \u015fi fortifica\u0163iile romane, ci \u015fi infanteria c\u0103lare a localnicilor. Ace\u015ftia <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>\u015fi creeaz\u0103 o tradi\u0163ie puternic\u0103 din folosirea iscusit\u0103 a calului \u015fi trecerea de la forme de lupt\u0103 c\u0103lare la cele de lupt\u0103 pedestr\u0103. Tradi\u0163ie implic<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd forme \u015fi tehnici de lupt\u0103 eficiente, arme specifice etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prezen\u0163a str\u0103bunilor <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n trupele gotice sau gepide \u2013 obligatoriu pe cai \u2013 dar \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cele ale hunilor, avarilor \u015fi altor migratori \u2013 de voie sau de nevoie \u2013 marcheaz\u0103, de fiecare dat\u0103, o prezen\u0163\u0103 a calului<\/i> \u015fi cavaleriei<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n istoria noastr\u0103. Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii aminti\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n C<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ntecul Nibelungilor<\/span><\/i>, sunt aminti\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mpreun\u0103 cu caii lor cei ageri<\/i>, asemenea unora dintre Tracii aminti\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Iliada<\/i> sau alte documente antice grece\u015fti, asemenea Sci\u0163ilor care l-au <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nfruntat pe Alexandru Macedon sau Darius etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n Evul Mediu calul<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163e\u015fte pe Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n pretutindeni \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n toate locurile.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chiar \u015fi la Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii din Alpi, afla\u0163i la <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n\u0103l\u0163imi care, teoretic, ar impune mersul cu piciorul sau, cel mult, folosirea m\u0103garilor<\/i> \u015fi cat<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>rilor<\/span><\/i>, nu lipse\u015fte, totu\u015fi, calul<\/i>. S-au priceput Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii din aceste p\u0103r\u0163i s\u0103 creasc\u0103 soiuri de cal de munte deosebit de rezistent la frig \u015fi mersul, obositor \u015fi specific. De fapt asemenea soiuri de cai de munte <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163esc pe Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Mun\u0163ii Ciceriei \u2013 unde Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii Cici au o fascinat\u0103 istorie de r\u0103zboinici \u2013 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Dinarici, Pind, Hem (Balcani), Carpa\u0163i… Urma\u015fii germaniza\u0163i ai Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor din Alpi, Tirolezii, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>\u015fi folosesc \u015fi acum rasele str\u0103vechi de cai de munte<\/i>\u00a0 pentru felurite nevoi, inclusiv ost\u0103\u015fe\u015fti. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dar exist\u0103, desigur, \u015fi soiuri de cai de c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpie. Consemn\u0103m aici o singur\u0103 m\u0103rturie istoric\u0103:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201e<\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n partea muntoas\u0103 a Moldovei tr\u0103ie\u015fte un cal destul de micu\u0163, asem\u0103n\u0103tor la trup cu cel rusesc, dar foarte puternic \u015fi r\u0103bduriu la munc\u0103, cu o copit\u0103 at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t de tare <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t nu este nevoie s\u0103 fie potcovit\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 merge pe drumurile cele mai aspre. <\/span><\/p>\n

La \u015fes caii cresc mari \u015fi ar\u0103tor\u015fi la <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nf\u0103\u0163i\u015fare, cu picioare bine legate, iu\u0163i \u015fi tari \u015fi sunt foarte c\u0103uta\u0163i nu numai de le\u015fi \u015fi unguri, ci \u015fi de turci, care au o zical\u0103 r\u0103sp<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndit\u0103: \u201eAdzem, dilberi, Bogdan baraghiri, messhurdir<\/i>\u201d, adic\u0103 : \u201eUn t<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>n\u0103r persan \u015fi un cal moldovean sunt cei mai de laud\u0103<\/span><\/i>\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pe l<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ng\u0103 hotarele Moldovei se se g\u0103sesc de asemenea mari herghelii de cai s\u0103lbatici, care nu se deosebesc cu nimic de cei domestici, doar c\u0103 sunt ceva mai mici \u015fi au copitele late de o palm\u0103 \u015fi mai bine, altfel v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rtoase \u015fi rotunde\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

(Dimitrie Cantemir, Descrierea Moldovei<\/i>, Capitolul al VII-lea).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ace\u015fti cai s\u0103lbatici ori semi-s\u0103lbatici, cu copita rotund\u0103, numi\u0163i de Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni t\u0103l\u0103pani<\/i>, au fost de altfel mult\u0103 vreme prefera\u0163i de locuitorii din p\u0103r\u0163ile de c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpie \u015fi de balt\u0103. Unele soiuri exist\u0103 \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n zonele de munte.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fugarul<\/span><\/i> rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nesc \u2013 moldovenesc sau muntenesc \u2013 au fost c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndva iubirea c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163ilor Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni din p\u0103r\u0163ile Teleormanului, Vla\u015fc\u0103i \u015fi C\u0103l\u0103ra\u015filor p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 dincolo de Nipru. Era un cal care mergea obi\u015fnuit <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-un trap u\u015for, dar care putea galopa ore <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntregi, av<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd o iu\u0163eal\u0103 \u015fi o rezisten\u0163\u0103 unic\u0103. Dup\u0103 datele actuale, fugarul<\/i> rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nesc<\/span><\/i> a avut o contribu\u0163ie esen\u0163ial\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n formarea raselor de cai medievale din Persia \u015fi Imperiul Otoman (inclusiv Arabia). Cercet\u0103rile pe tem\u0103 sunt <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ns\u0103 doar la nivelul informa\u0163iei istorice, studiile de genetic\u0103 av<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd, \u015fi aici, de a\u015fteptat o clip\u0103 mai prielnic\u0103. <\/span><\/p>\n

Alt cal mult iubit a fost tr\u0103pa\u015ful<\/i> vechi, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n mai multe forme locale, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nlocuit mai t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rziu de soiuri <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncruci\u015fate cu rase din afar\u0103. Un lucru nu r\u0103u <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n sine, dar r\u0103u c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd se face cu pierderea rasei de demult.<\/span><\/p>\n

Calul greu<\/span><\/i> \u2013 de mai multe soiuri \u2013 era folosit mai ales la c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpie, pentru munc\u0103 \u015fi pentru c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163ii care iubeau armura.<\/span><\/p>\n

Caii de munte<\/span><\/i>, mai mici, sunt de multe feluri.<\/span><\/p>\n

Se cunoa\u015fte de obicei rasa hu\u0163ul<\/i>, creat\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n negurile istoriei \u015fi p\u0103strat\u0103 de aceast\u0103 popula\u0163ie traco-rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>no-slav\u0103 a Hu\u0163ulilor, p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 ast\u0103zi. Hu\u0163ul<\/i> \u201epur s<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nge\u201d, dup\u0103 standarde moderne, se cre\u015fte, dup\u0103 cuno\u015ftin\u0163ele mele, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n primul r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Herghelia Lucina din Suceava, dar \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-o herghelie din apropiere de Bucure\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dar al\u0103turi de aceast\u0103 linie oficial\u0103<\/i> exist\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi mai multe soiuri de hu\u0163ul<\/i>, precum \u015fi de al\u0163i cai de munte, care nu au fost \u015fi nu sunt valorificate. At<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t statul zis rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n, c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t \u015fi investitorii rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni, dau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n aceast\u0103 privin\u0163\u0103 dovad\u0103 de o stupiditate, de o prostie \u2013 s\u0103-i zicem de-a dreptul \u2013 de-a dreptul abisal\u0103. \u201ePatrio\u0163i\u201d care dau tone de bani pe cai str\u0103ini, pierd de sub nas cai de valoare din rase str\u0103vechi, unice, a c\u0103ror cre\u015ftere le-ar aduce tone de bani \u015fi le-ar <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nve\u015fnici numele.<\/span><\/p>\n

Se g\u0103se\u015fte, de pild\u0103, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Jude\u0163ul Neam\u0163, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre Piatra Neam\u0163 \u015fi T<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rgul Neam\u0163, p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Roznov, cel pu\u0163in, un soi de cai mici, mai mici dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t hu\u0163ulul<\/i>, dar foarte frumos propor\u0163iona\u0163i \u015fi cu o rezisten\u0163\u0103 de necrezut fa\u0163\u0103 de m\u0103rimea lor. Par o miniatur\u0103 de rar\u0103 elegan\u0163\u0103 a fugarilor<\/i> din vechime \u015fi cu totul ireali c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>i vezi tr\u0103g<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd c\u0103ru\u0163ele <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103rcate. Pasul lor preferat este trapul. Sunt inteligen\u0163i \u015fi cu personalitate. \u015ei sunt doar unul dintre soiurile populare de cai care se pierd.<\/span><\/p>\n

F\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 mai st\u0103ruim asupra acestor aspecte, trebuie s\u0103 ar\u0103t\u0103m c\u0103 folclorul popular m\u0103rturise\u015fte c\u0103 cel mai bun prieten al omului este calul<\/b>, c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>inele venind pe locul al doilea. Aceast\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103 dintre Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n \u015fi cal vine din str\u0103vechime \u015fi sper\u0103m c\u0103 se va p\u0103stra totdeauna. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n\u0103l\u0163\u0103m g<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nduri de laud\u0103 \u015fi recuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103, \u015fi rug\u0103ciunile noastre din suflet, c\u0103tre to\u0163i aceia care muncesc \u2013 din greu \u2013 \u015fi lupt\u0103 \u2013 din greu \u2013 spre a duce mai departe caii, \u015fi mai ales pe cei rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti, c\u0103l\u0103ria \u015fi tradi\u0163iile noastre ecvestre. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n ceea ce prive\u015fte leg\u0103tura dintre cal<\/i> \u015fi artele mar\u0163iale rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ne\u015fti<\/span><\/i>, foarte bogat\u0103, vom cuprinde <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nf\u0103\u0163i\u015farea acesteia la sec\u0163iunea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nchinat\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nf\u0103\u0163i\u015f\u0103rii sistematice a artelor mar\u0163iale rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ne\u015fti<\/span><\/i> (folosim drept criteriu sistematic, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n primul r<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd armele<\/i> folosite).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

b. C<\/span><\/b>\u00e2<\/span><\/b>inele<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Al doilea animal <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n preferin\u0163ele tradi\u0163ionale rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti este c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prime\u015fte al doilea loc <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-un fel foarte corect, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ciuda prejudec\u0103\u0163ilor or\u0103\u015fene\u015fti de ast\u0103zi, care l-ar a\u015feza pe primul loc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Este adev\u0103rat, c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele<\/span><\/i> a <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163it pe om <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ap\u0103rarea gospod\u0103riilor \u015fi a turmelor \u015fi cirezilor, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>natul acestora \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toare. Adesea c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele <\/span><\/i>\u015fi-a pus via\u0163a pentru st\u0103p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni, ba chiar \u015fi pentru oameni str\u0103ini, sc\u0103p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndu-i de atacurile fiarelor sau ale t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>lharilor. Dar<\/i>, ceea ce foarte mul\u0163i nu cunosc, \u015fi calul <\/i>a f\u0103cut acelea\u015fi lucruri. Nu doar c\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n trecut Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>\u015fi foloseau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nclina\u0163ia de lupt\u0103 a cailor<\/i> \u2013 mu\u015fcat, lovit cu copitele \u2013 ca mijloc de ap\u0103rare <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mpotriva fiarelor, a altor cai sau pe c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpul de lupt\u0103. Dar calul<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>\u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163ea st\u0103p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nul <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n toate primejdiile, inclusiv <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n acelea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele<\/span><\/i> intra foarte rar (cum este r\u0103zboiul). Mai mult, c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele<\/span><\/i> pierdea puncte <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ceea ce prive\u015fte cur\u0103\u0163ia<\/i> \u2013 o <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nsu\u015fire foarte<\/i> pre\u0163uit\u0103 de Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care calul<\/i> exceleaz\u0103.
\nDar, dincolo de aceste nuan\u0163e, c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele<\/span><\/i> a r\u0103mas de-a lungul mileniilor un <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163itor credincios al Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor. \u015ei al p\u0103storilor \u015fi gospod\u0103rilor, dar \u015fi al v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103torilor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sci\u0163ii \u015fi Tracii foloseau c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ini de v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toare, practic\u0103 existent\u0103 pe alocuri \u015fi la Romani \u015fi Cel\u0163i, ca \u015fi la alte popoare (este atestat\u0103 \u015fi la Greci, Par\u0163i, Persani \u015fi mul\u0163i al\u0163ii). <\/span><\/p>\n

Ca o mo\u015ftenire str\u0103veche, \u015fi la noi c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inii<\/span><\/i> au <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163it adesea v<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>n\u0103torii<\/span><\/i> \u2013 fie c\u0103 erau de v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103tori de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mprejurare (dintr-o nevoie oarecare sau de pl\u0103cere) ori v<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>n\u0103torii<\/span><\/i> adev\u0103ra\u0163i, care tr\u0103iau mai mult prin s\u0103lb\u0103ticii dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cas\u0103 ori a\u015fez\u0103ri. Dar folosirea mar\u0163ial\u0103<\/i> a c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inilor<\/span><\/i> este la noi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpl\u0103toare \u015fi nu sistematic\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

M<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>narea turmelor sau cirezilor \u2013 care cerea iscusin\u0163\u0103 \u015fi din partea omului, \u015fi din partea animalelor \u2013 \u015fi paza acestora, paza cur\u0163ilor de fiarele<\/i> mici sau mari care le-ar ataca, iat\u0103 rosturile fundamentale ale c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inelui<\/span><\/i> la Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni. E drept, s-a <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mplat s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 haite de c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ini<\/span><\/i> pentru v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>narea unor t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>lhari; de asemenea, s-a folosit adesea c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inele<\/span><\/i> spre a lua urma du\u015fmanilor care se ascundeau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-un loc sau altul. Dar <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntrebuin\u0163area c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inilor<\/span><\/i> \u00ee<\/span>n luptele propriu-zise, dup\u0103 cum am ar\u0103tat, este foarte rar\u0103 \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpl\u0103toare. <\/span><\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi nu trebuie dispre\u0163uit\u0103 cumva importan\u0163a leg\u0103turii dintre lupt\u0103torii rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ni <\/span><\/i>\u015fi c<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>inii <\/span><\/i>lor! Chiar legenda care pune originea numelui Moldova <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n seama c\u0103\u0163elei de v<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>n\u0103toare Molda<\/span><\/i>, a lui Drago\u015f Vod\u0103 arat\u0103 puterea acesteia!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015ei dac\u0103 v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toarea nu este <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncadrat\u0103 obi\u015fnuit <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n artele mar\u0163iale<\/i>, pe de alt\u0103 parte nu se poate nega faptul c\u0103 este o preg\u0103tire esen\u0163ial\u0103 pentru lupt\u0103<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

c. Alte animale de c\u0103l\u0103rie (<\/span><\/b>\u00ee<\/span><\/b>n afar\u0103 de cal)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

M\u0103garul<\/span><\/i> \u015fi cat<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>rul<\/span><\/i> (<\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncruci\u015farea dintre cal<\/i> \u015fi m\u0103gar<\/i>) au fost folosite mai ales ca animale de povar\u0103. Nu cunosc niciun fel de implicare <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n r\u0103zboi \u2013 altfel dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n sensul amintit \u2013 sau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n lupte de alt\u0103 natur\u0103 (haiduce\u015fti, de pild\u0103) ori v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toare a acestor animale.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0103mila<\/span><\/i> sau dromaderul<\/i>, de\u015fi existente <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Preistorie <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n spa\u0163iul geografic etnogenetic rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nesc, nu au fost folosite pentru c\u0103l\u0103rie, poveri sau trac\u0163iune p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n miezul Evului Mediu. Disp\u0103rute <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mprejur\u0103ri tulburi, au fost, din c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>te se \u015ftie ast\u0103zi, readuse de T\u0103tari \u015fi Turci \u2013 mai ales <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n p\u0103r\u0163i ale Traciei \u015fi vechii Europe (partea asiatic\u0103 a Turciei de ast\u0103zi), <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Sci\u0163ia Mic\u0103 (Dicia sau Dobrogea), <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Basarabia, \u015fi nordul M\u0103rii Negre. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nia au rezistat p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n timpul comunismului. Ocupa\u0163ia sovietic\u0103 a preluat ura stalinist\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mpotriva T\u0103tarilor, alia\u0163i ai Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial, \u015fi a privit c\u0103milele dobrogene<\/i> ca parte a unei culturi ce trebuie distus\u0103. Ca urmare, c\u0103mila dobrogean\u0103<\/i> a fost nimicit\u0103. Din fericire, nu \u015fi T\u0103tarii dobrogeni.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nu cunosc s\u0103 existe o adoptare de c\u0103tre Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni a c\u0103milei<\/i> sau dromaderului<\/i> ca animal de c\u0103l\u0103rie, cu excep\u0163ia Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor islamiza\u0163i din Peninsula Sinai (a\u015feza\u0163i acolo de <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>mp\u0103ratul Iustinian, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ap\u0103rarea \u015fi slujirea M<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103stirii Sf<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nta Ecaterina), care folosesc totu\u015fi calul <\/i><\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n lupt\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spre deosebire de Extremul Orient, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care vaca<\/i> sau boul<\/i> ori bivolul<\/i> au fost (sunt) folosite \u015fi ca animale de c\u0103l\u0103rie, la noi asemenea gesturi exist\u0103 cel mult ca o joac\u0103 a copiilor.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

d. Boul \u015fi bivolul<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n vreme ce boul<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163e\u015fte din Preistorie <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nainta\u015fii no\u015ftri, bivolul<\/i> este adus de migratori \u2013 se pare, de Avari \u2013 la sf<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>r\u015fitul Antichit\u0103\u0163ii, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nceputul Evului Mediu. Este <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ns\u0103 adoptat de Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t de bine, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n unele p\u0103r\u0163i nu se f\u0103cea o mare deosebire <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre cele dou\u0103 animale, bivolul<\/i> fiind numit tot bou<\/i>, iar bivoli\u0163ele<\/i> primind numele de vaci<\/i> sau vaci negre<\/i>. Rasa rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>neasc\u0103 de bivoli<\/i> este cea mai veche din Europa, tr\u0103g<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndu-se din primele animale aduse din Asia. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n cea mai mare parte, ea nu a fost amestecat\u0103 de Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni cu alte rase – ori erau crescute acelea, ori se cre\u015ftea bivolul rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nesc<\/span><\/i>. Printre alte caracteristici, acest animal foarte pu\u0163in preten\u0163ios la m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ncare \u015fi rezistent la boli are un p\u0103r mult mai des \u015fi mai lung dec<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t al celorlalte rase de bivoli<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n unele b\u0103t\u0103lii Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii au folosit turme de boi<\/i> sau bivoli<\/i> spre a sparge liniile du\u015fmane \u015fi a deschide calea atacurilor de cavalerie sau infanterie. De asemenea, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc\u0103 din Antichitate boii<\/i> – \u015fi mai t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rziu, uneori, \u015fi bivolii<\/i> – au fost folosi\u0163i ca momeal\u0103 pentru cor\u0103biile du\u015fmane; se punea un felinar pe cornul dinspre mare al unui asemenea animal \u015fi era m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nat de-a lungul \u0163\u0103rmului, mi\u015fc\u0103rile capului \u015fi trupului f\u0103c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd felinarul s\u0103 salte ca \u015fi cum ar fi fost al unui alt vas, atr\u0103g<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd astfel navele inamice la naufragiu – se trecea apoi la o lupt\u0103 de infanterie, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care marinarii du\u015fmani erau cople\u015fi\u0163i. <\/span><\/p>\n


\nDe asemenea, una dintre m\u0103surile puterii<\/i> unui lupt\u0103tor, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n vechime, era cea a puterii de a dobor<\/i><\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i> un bou<\/span><\/i>. Aceast\u0103 prob\u0103 a puterii consta <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n dobor<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rea unui bou<\/i> fie printr-o lovitur\u0103 de pumn (<\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n frunte, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-un anumit punct), fie printr-o for\u0163are a coarnelor, cu r\u0103sucirea capului\/g<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>tului, fie prin \u201esecerarea picioarelor\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dobor<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>rea unui bou<\/span><\/i> \u00ee<\/span>n sensul uciderii<\/i> lui era o alt\u0103 practic\u0103 mar\u0163ial\u0103. Ea presupunea folosirea unei arme \u2013 uneori sabie, dar preferabil o fu\u015fte, o lance sau altceva similar. De obicei tinerii primeau o asemenea sarcin\u0103 \u2013 de c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>te ori trebuia sacrificat un vi\u0163el, un bou sau o vac\u0103 pentru carne \u2013 preg\u0103tindu-se astfel pentru v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toarea fiarelor mari<\/i> (urs, mistre\u0163, bour, zimbru). Era esen\u0163ial ca animalul s\u0103 fie dobor<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t dintr-o singur\u0103 lovitur\u0103. Pentru a putea face acest lucru tinerii trebuia s\u0103 fi trecut <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>i alte dou\u0103 probe, uciderea unui porc<\/i> (domestic) dintr-o singur\u0103 mi\u015fcare, f\u0103r\u0103 ca acesta s\u0103 gui\u0163e, apoi uciderea unui mistre\u0163<\/i> dintr-o singur\u0103 mi\u015fcare (tot cu lancea<\/i>, de\u015fi uneori se folosea \u015fi spada<\/i> ori alt\u0103 arm\u0103 de acest fel). Ca urmare a acestei deprinderi, v<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>n\u0103torii<\/span><\/i> rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni erau cei care purtau de grij\u0103 turmelor regale de bouri sau zimbri existente <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cadrul Coroanei Ungare; tot ei <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nso\u0163eau regele \u015fi nobilii la v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103torile de bouri sau zimbri, spre a le salva via\u0163a dac\u0103 erau pu\u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n primejdie de animalele r\u0103nite.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

e. \u015eoimul \u015fi alte p\u0103s\u0103ri de prad\u0103<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Practica <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>nv\u0103\u0163\u0103rii \u015foimilor<\/span><\/i>, dar \u015fi a altor animale de prad\u0103, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncepe <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Preistorie. Asia Mic\u0103 este cea mai veche zon\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care este atestat\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

De\u015fi nu avem atest\u0103ri scrise<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n privin\u0163a aceasta, m\u0103rturiile arheologice<\/i>, sub forma corbilor \u015fi \u015foimilor de pe coifuri, a celor figura\u0163i pe aplice \u015fi alte piese metalice de harna\u015fament sau podoab\u0103 etc. dovedesc faptul c\u0103 p\u0103s\u0103rile de acest fel erau mult pre\u0163uite de Sci\u0163i \u015fi Traci. Leg\u0103turile str<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nse cu Asia Mic\u0103, prezen\u0163a Tracilor \u015fi Cimerienilor <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Pont \u015fi ne<\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncetatele schimburi pontice \u015fi Caucaz-Carpa\u0163i sunt alte argumente ale prezen\u0163ei acestor animale de prad\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n via\u0163a str\u0103bunilor Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Existen\u0163a \u015foimului<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cultura migratorilor este slab atestat\u0103 p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 prin secolul V d.Chr., c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd se r\u0103sp<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nde\u015fte \u015fi la Germanici, dar \u015fi <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n multe alte col\u0163uri europene. Se pare c\u0103 Hunii \u015fi Avarii aveau \u015fi ei acest obicei, ceea ce a contribuit la p\u0103strarea lui <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n Carpa\u0163i – sau la aducerea lui, dac\u0103 nu existase p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 atunci, de\u015fi este pu\u0163in probabil.<\/span><\/p>\n

La Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni avem de-a face cu dou\u0103 situa\u0163ii, foarte deosebite.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ce<\/span>n trecut gospod\u0103ria rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nesc\u0103 avea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n afar\u0103 de dobitoace<\/i> \u2013 adic\u0103 ceea ce azi numim animale domestice<\/i> \u2013 o serie de locuitori ce ni s-ar p\u0103rea cel pu\u0163in ciuda\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n zilele noastre.
\n\u015earpele casei<\/i> tr\u0103ia, de obicei, sub treptele de la intrare (f\u0103cute dinadins din lespezi a\u015fezate f\u0103r\u0103 mortar, cu goluri <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntre ele). Hambarul sau grajdul ad\u0103posteau bufni\u0163a casei<\/i>. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n podurile <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nalte <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>\u015fi g\u0103seau ad\u0103post liliecii<\/i>, iar sub strea\u015fina casei, ca semn al binecuv<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nt\u0103rii Dumnezeie\u015fti, r<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ndunelele <\/span><\/i>sau l\u0103stunii<\/i>. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n gr\u0103din\u0103 \u015fop<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>rlele<\/span><\/i> sau gu\u015fterii<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mp\u0103r\u0163eau locul cu ariciul<\/i>. Aceste viet\u0103\u0163i erau socotite ca asigur<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nd s\u0103n\u0103tatea familiei. \u015ei chiar f\u0103ceau asta!<\/span><\/p>\n

Dar pe l<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ng\u0103 acestea mai erau \u015fi altele. De pild\u0103, hr\u0103nitul de iarn\u0103 al pi\u0163igoilor \u015fi scatiilor era foarte r\u0103sp<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ndit <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n trecut. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n acela\u015fi fel se <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nt<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpla ca unii corbi<\/i> sau gai\u0163e<\/i>, chiar \u015fi co\u0163ofene<\/i>, s\u0103 devin\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-o anumit\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 parte a unei gospod\u0103ri. Dar aici nu se avea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n vedere nici <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>mbl<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nzirea<\/span><\/i> lor propriu-zis\u0103, nici folosirea<\/i> lor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pe de alt\u0103 parte, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>mbl<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nzirea \u015foimilor<\/span><\/i> pentru v<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103toare este o tradi\u0163ie veche, cel pu\u0163in din Antichitatea t<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>rzie, dac\u0103 nu chiar din Preistorie, pe care Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nii au p\u0103strat-o p<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>n\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n zilele noastre.
\nCe-i drept, la fel ca <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cazul artelor mar\u0163iale<\/i> rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ne\u015fti<\/span><\/i> (de origine local\u0103), foarte mul\u0163i <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mbl<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nzitori de \u015foimi de ieri \u015fi de ast\u0103zi nu fac parte dintr-o asocia\u0163ie \u015fi nu au nicio recunoa\u015ftere oficieal\u0103. De\u015fi se <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ncearc\u0103, l\u0103udabil, str<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ngerea lor la un loc. Dac\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m aici faptul c\u0103 rareori \u2013 dac\u0103, vreodat\u0103 \u2013 Ungurii, Polonezii sau al\u0163i str\u0103ini men\u0163ioneaz\u0103 ceea ce datoreaz\u0103 Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nilor, avem o explica\u0163ie pentru informa\u0163iile fragmentare despre \u015foim\u0103ritul rom<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>nesc<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t se ajunge ca unii s\u0103 cread\u0103, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ciuda atest\u0103rilor istorice, c\u0103 ar fi un obicei preluat de Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni de la str\u0103ini.<\/span><\/p>\n

F\u0103r\u0103 a intra <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n am\u0103nunte, men\u0163ionez doar faptul c\u0103 \u015foimarii<\/i> nu se limiteaz\u0103 obligatoriu la p\u0103s\u0103rile mici de prad\u0103 \u2013 precum \u015foimii<\/i> de la care le vine numele, ulii<\/i> etc. Am cunoscut personal \u015foimari populari<\/i> din Moldova \u015fi Muntenia care, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n afar\u0103 de p\u0103s\u0103rile din genul Falco<\/i> aveau \u015fi bufni\u0163e<\/i>, corbi<\/i> \u015fi altele asemenea. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dincolo de toate aceste aspecte \u2013 \u015fi de altele pe care nu le-am atins \u2013 trebuie s\u0103 observ\u0103m c\u0103 folosirea p\u0103s\u0103rilor mari, adic\u0103 a vulturilor<\/i> sau acvilelor<\/i>, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n lupt\u0103 nu este atestat\u0103 istoric, de\u015fi se g\u0103se\u015fte <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n folclorul rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>nesc. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>n ce m\u0103sur\u0103 corespunde sau nu realit\u0103\u0163ii istorice folosirea mar\u0163ial\u0103<\/i> de c\u0103tre (unii) Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni a p\u0103s\u0103rilor de prad\u0103<\/i> este imposibil de spus categoric f\u0103r\u0103 informa\u0163ii suplimentare. <\/span>\u00ce<\/span>nclin s\u0103 cred c\u0103 asemenea utiliz\u0103ri au existat, dar numai excep\u0163ional, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cazul anumitor lupt\u0103tori<\/i> care au avut o chemare special\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n aceast\u0103 privin\u0163\u0103. O practic\u0103<\/i> permanent\u0103, fie \u015fi pe linia unei singure familii rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti, nu \u015ftiu s\u0103 fi fost. Dar folosirea unor p\u0103s\u0103ri de prad\u0103<\/i> ca mijloc de c\u0103utare a du\u015fmanilor – fie <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n stuf\u0103ri\u015furile <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntinse dintre Sci\u0163ia Mic\u0103 \u015fi Sci\u0163ia Mare, fie <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>mpii sau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n p\u0103duri tinere – este atestat\u0103 \u015fi constituie o parte a tehnicilor de r\u0103zboi rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ne\u015fti vechi. Corbii<\/i> \u015fi cormoranii<\/i> sau nag<\/i><\/span>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>\u0163ii<\/span><\/i> (ace\u015ftia, se pare, prelua\u0163i de la T\u0103tari) erau prefera\u0163i, dar cei care aveau \u015foimi<\/i>, acvile<\/i> sau alte asemenea p\u0103s\u0103ri le foloseau pe acestea. \u0162ipetele \u015fi rotirea <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nalt\u0103 deasupra locului <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care se aflau cetele str\u0103ine era esen\u0163ial\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ferirea de ambuscade – \u015fi, eventual, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n organizarea unora. Totdeauna era greu pentru cineva s\u0103-\u015fi dea seama dac\u0103 p\u0103s\u0103rile ce se rotesc <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n ceruri sunt s\u0103lbatice sau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>nv\u0103\u0163ate<\/span><\/i>; cu at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t mai mult era foarte greu de b\u0103nuit reac\u0163ia eventualilor posesori. Avantajul militar al informa\u0163iei c<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>\u015ftigate cu aceste p\u0103s\u0103ri este clar. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

f. \u015eerpii venino\u015fi… \u015fi albinele<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 zone ale artelor mar\u0163iale<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care se folosesc otr\u0103vuri. Mai ales <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n r\u0103zboi<\/i>, dar nu numai.
\nS\u0103ge\u0163ile otr\u0103vite apar din Antichitate, fiind folosite \u015fi de unele triburi scitice sau getice.
\n\u015ei la Rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni exist\u0103 aceast\u0103 practic\u0103, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n cadrul c\u0103reia se folosea venin de viper\u0103<\/i>, adesea combinat cu veninuri (otr\u0103vuri) vegetale, pentru s\u0103ge\u0163i, mai rar pentru suli\u0163\u0103 sau lance.<\/i> Aceste otr\u0103vuri nu se foloseau de obicei \u015fi pentru sabie<\/i>, o asemenea practic\u0103 fiind socotit\u0103 la\u015f\u0103, nedemn\u0103 de <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nl\u0103\u0163imea armei cere\u015fti<\/i> care era, <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n concep\u0163ie rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>neasc\u0103, sabia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tot pe aceast\u0103 linie se afl\u0103 \u015fi practica ap\u0103r\u0103rii unor hotare prin roiuri de albine<\/i>, asigurate prin folosirea unor scorburi mari \u2013 adesea artificiale \u2013 sau grote \u2013 naturale sau nu \u2013 pentru <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nmul\u0163irea albinelor<\/i>. Stuparii rom<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ni \u015ftiau s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 anumite plante cu al c\u0103ror suc se ungeau, astfel <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t albinele <\/i>s\u0103 nu <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>i atace. Sucul de fructe sau de miere turnat <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n locurile dorite \u2013 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>n care se aducea un roi de<\/i> albine<\/i> <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ntr-un co\u015f, sau care erau aproape de locurile de roire ale albinelor<\/i> s\u0103lbatice<\/i> \u2013 asigura \u201e<\/span>\u00ee<\/span>mp\u0103m<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>ntenirea\u201d viet\u0103\u0163ilor. Cu pu\u0163in\u0103 <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ngrijire se <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nmul\u0163eau <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>ndeajuns <\/span>\u00ee<\/span>nc<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t s\u0103 se poat\u0103 ap\u0103ra \u015fi de ur\u015fi, cu at<\/span>\u00e2<\/span>t mai mult de oameni. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 este antic\u0103 \u015fi mo\u015ftenit\u0103 de la Ge\u0163i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toate aceste viet\u0103\u0163i au <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>nso\u0163it omul \u015fi <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>n via\u0163a de zi cu zi, uneori \u015fi ca du\u015fmani – lupul \u015fi vulpea, viperele, albinele s\u0103lbatice, ulii, v<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ntureii, \u015foimii – adesea ca prieteni, <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>nso\u0163itori, ajutoare etc. \u015ei au f\u0103cut parte din via\u0163a <\/span><\/i>lupt\u0103torilor rom<\/span><\/b>\u00e2<\/span><\/b>ni<\/span><\/b> din trecut. Asemenea lupt\u0103tori fiind, c<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ndva, to\u0163i b\u0103rba\u0163ii, ba chiar, <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>n multe locuri, \u015fi femeile.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Folosirea unor animale pentru v<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>n\u0103toare \u015fi paz\u0103, obi\u015fnuin\u0163a de a purta de grij\u0103 unor f\u0103pturi adesea feroce – ca marii c<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ini de paz\u0103 ori ciob\u0103ne\u015fti din vechile gospod\u0103ri – d\u0103dea o anume dimensiune vie\u0163ii. Copii, femei, b\u0103tr<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ni, chiar \u015fi cei pe care ast\u0103zi i-am vedea slabi \u015ftiau, pe atunci, s\u0103 fac\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 unei asemenea “provoc\u0103ri” (cum am vedea-o noi ast\u0103zi).
\nConstituind \u015fi un rezultat al preg\u0103tirii de lupt\u0103 dar \u015fi, <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>ntrun cerc virtuos, de aceast\u0103 dat\u0103, o parte a acesteia. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Drept pentru care vom trece la ultima parte a micii noastre lucr\u0103ri, <\/span><\/i>\u00ee<\/span><\/i>nf\u0103\u0163i\u015farea sistematic\u0103 – pe scurt – a artelor mar\u0163iale rom<\/span><\/i>\u00e2<\/span><\/i>ne\u015fti.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

va urma<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de\u00a0Mihai-Andrei Aldea \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “[Rom\u00e2nii din Moldova…] Sunt oameni groaznici \u015fi\u00a0\u00a0foarte viteji;\u00a0 \u015fi nici c\u0103 este pe fa\u0163a p\u0103m\u00e2ntului\u00a0un alt popor care pentru gloria r\u0103zboinic\u0103\u00a0\u00a0\u015fi eroism s\u0103 apere o \u0163\u0103ri\u015foar\u0103 mai mic\u0103\u00a0contra mai multor du\u015fmani,\u00a0atac\u00e2ndu-i sau resping\u00e2ndu-i\u00a0\u00a0f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencetare” [Stanis\u0142aw Orzechowski] A. No\u0163iuni l\u0103muritoare 1) Prin arte mar\u0163iale se \u00een\u0163eleg, de obicei, dou\u0103 lucruri diferite: sporturile […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,1297],"tags":[1120,1299,1112],"class_list":["post-11967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articole","category-egophobia-52","tag-articole","tag-egophobia-52","tag-mihai-andrei-aldea"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p6DakB-371","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11967"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11970,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11967\/revisions\/11970"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}