{"id":8495,"date":"2012-05-21T07:10:09","date_gmt":"2012-05-21T05:10:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/egophobia.ro\/?p=8495"},"modified":"2012-05-20T22:10:41","modified_gmt":"2012-05-20T20:10:41","slug":"imbunatatirea-organismului-uman-human-enhancement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/?p=8495","title":{"rendered":"\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea organismului uman [human enhancement]"},"content":{"rendered":"

(bioPHObia)<\/font><\/p>\n

de Andrei-Claudiu Hri\u015fman<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n 
\nSocietatea postmodern\u0103 ar putea fi numit\u0103 \u201esocietatea eficien\u0163ei\u201d pentru c\u0103 totul graviteaz\u0103 \u00een jurul principiului cost-eficien\u0163\u0103, inclusiv fiin\u0163a uman\u0103 \u015fi activit\u0103\u0163ile sale, de aceea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi politicile statului sau politicile sociale nu de pu\u0163ine ori se orienteaz\u0103 dup\u0103 acela\u015fi principiu al eficien\u0163ei[i]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pentru a fi ferici\u0163i ast\u0103zi ne-am transformat corpul \u00eentr-o ma\u015fin\u0103 \u015fi \u00eei cerem s\u0103 aib\u0103 aceea\u015fi eficien\u0163\u0103 \u015fi performan\u0163\u0103 ca \u015fi cea mai inovatoare tehnologie: \u201ecerem de la organele noastre aceea\u015fi fiabilitate \u015fi performan\u0163\u0103 pe care o pretindem de la ma\u015fini\u201d[ii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00cen c\u0103utarea fericirii \u015fi pentru a-\u015fi dep\u0103\u015fi propriile limite, omul a \u00eencercat s\u0103-\u015fi \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163easc\u0103 intelectul prin educa\u0163ie, medita\u0163ie \u015fi disciplin\u0103, fizicul prin diete \u015fi exerci\u0163ii fizice cu mult \u00eenainte ca civiliza\u0163ia noastr\u0103 s\u0103 existe[iii]<\/a>. Ast\u0103zi \u00eens\u0103, inova\u0163iile tehnologice (biotehnologia, nanotehnologia, manipularea genetic\u0103 etc.) ne-ar putea oferi posibilitatea de a nu mai fi limita\u0163i la \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea \u201etradi\u0163ional\u0103\u201d a fiin\u0163ei umane.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00cen literatura bioetic\u0103, \u00eencercarea de a perfec\u0163iona fiin\u0163a uman\u0103 este \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 sub denumirea de \u201e\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea organismul uman\u201d (\u201ehuman enhancemet\u201d \u00een englez\u0103, \u201epotenziamento umano\u201d \u00een italian\u0103). Din p\u0103cate, acest concept este foarte greu de identificat \u015fi definit \u00een literatura de specialitate, fiind aproape imposibil\u0103 g\u0103sirea unei defini\u0163ii universal acceptate, fie pentru c\u0103 limitele \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irii organismului uman sunt trasate de fiecare autor \u00een rela\u0163ie cu propriile principii \u015fi dependent de scopul cu care vine aceast\u0103 defini\u0163ie, fie pentru c\u0103 unii autori nu se limiteaz\u0103 la o defini\u0163ie general\u0103, ci prefer\u0103 s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 \u00een mod concret de anumite practici de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163ire a organismului uman, presupun\u00e2nd c\u0103 defini\u0163ia acestui concept este cunoscut\u0103[iv]<\/a>. Defini\u0163iile acestui concept sunt numeroase \u015fi foarte variate, dar majoritatea dintre ele sus\u0163in c\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea organismului uman dep\u0103\u015fe\u015fte misiunea medicinii[v]<\/a>. \u00cen continuare, vom reda c\u00e2teva dintre defini\u0163iile identificate \u00een literatura de specialitate.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definim \u201e\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163ire a organismului uman\u201d o modificare menit\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163easc\u0103 performan\u0163a unui individ prin interven\u0163ia \u015ftiin\u0163ei sau a tehnologiei \u00een corpul uman[vi]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea organismului uman\u201d este un concept general care de obicei se refer\u0103 la o varietate de eforturi \u2013 unele dintre ele tratate cel mai bine de literatura \u015ftiin\u0163ifico-fantastic\u0103, unele bine \u00eemp\u0103m\u00e2ntenite \u00een societatea contemporan\u0103 \u2013 prin care se inten\u0163ioneaz\u0103 amplificarea capacit\u0103\u0163ilor noastre mentale \u015fi fizice, dar \u015fi a capacit\u0103\u0163ilor copiilor no\u015ftri, dincolo de limita superioar\u0103 g\u0103sit\u0103 \u00een specia noastr\u0103[vii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163ire a organismului uman\u201d descrie \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea, ameliorarea sau crearea de capacit\u0103\u0163i umane, \u00eenainte sau dup\u0103 na\u015ftere, prin folosirea unor diverse tehnologii corelate numeroaselor ramuri \u015ftiin\u0163ifice (biologie, anatomie, genetic\u0103, mecanic\u0103, fizic\u0103, electronic\u0103, chimie, medicin\u0103 etc.). La prima vedere, problema pare destul de simpl\u0103. Cu toate acestea, la o examinare mai atent\u0103, ea este mult mai complex\u0103[viii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00cen contextul \u00een care autorii au perspective destul de diferite asupra conceptului de \u201e\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163ire a organismului uman\u201d, poate ar fi mai bine dac\u0103 am renun\u0163a s\u0103 mai folosim acest concept[ix]<\/a> pentru a descrie toate practicile menite s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163easc\u0103 specia uman\u0103, \u00eenlocuindu-l cu \u201edesign\u201d sau \u201emanipulare\u201d a corpului uman \u015fi\/sau a capacit\u0103\u0163ilor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Posibilitatea \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irii organismului uman este o problem\u0103 bioetic\u0103 contemporan\u0103 intens dezb\u0103tut\u0103 (probabil chiar la mod\u0103) nu doar \u00een literatura \u015ftiin\u0163ifico-fantastic\u0103 ci \u015fi \u00een literatura \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 consacrat\u0103 de cel mai \u00eenalt nivel (fie c\u0103 vorbim de studii elaborate de comisii guvernamentale sau de articole publicate \u00een reviste medicale sau tehnice de renume mondial). De multe ori \u00eens\u0103, ea este tratat\u0103 cu superficialitate sau incluz\u00e2nd elemente fantastice greu de interpretat at\u00e2t pentru cercet\u0103torul consacrat, c\u00e2t \u015fi pentru cititorul neavizat care nu mai poate face distinc\u0163ia \u00eentre posibilitatea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 concret\u0103 \u015fi fantazie. Ceea ce lipse\u015fte \u00eens\u0103 majorit\u0103\u0163ii participan\u0163ilor la discu\u0163iile bioetice pe aceast\u0103 tem\u0103, este o viziune autentic\u0103 asupra omului, o antropologie s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 \u015fi o viziune integral\u0103 asupra fiin\u0163ei umane.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Con\u015ftien\u0163i c\u0103 acest articol este doar un \u201eaperitiv\u201d al \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irii organismului uman v\u0103 propunem spre degustare o noua apari\u0163ie editorial\u0103, Bioetica \u015fi omul viitorului<\/em> (Galaxia Gutenberg 2012), lucrare ce v\u0103 va preg\u0103ti pentru abordarea \u00een profunzime a subiectului odat\u0103 cu apari\u0163ia unui studiu aflat momentan \u00een elaborare (\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea organismului uman \u015fi omul viitorului<\/em>). A\u015ftept\u0103m totodat\u0103 sugestiile \u015fi obiec\u0163iile dumneavoastr\u0103.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
\n
\n

[i]<\/a> Cf. A. Sutton, \u00abThe purpose of Medicine and the new Genetics\u00bb, Medicina e Morale<\/em> 2 (1996), 237-249, 238.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[ii]<\/a> R. Marchesini, Bioetica e Biotecnololgie. Questioni morali nell\u2019era biotech<\/em>, Ap\u00e8rion, Bologna 2002, 133.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[iii]<\/a> Cf. P. Lin – F. Allhoff, \u00abUntangling the Debate: The Ethics of Human Enhancement\u00bb, Nanoethics<\/em> 2 (2008), 251-264, 251-252.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[iv]<\/a> Cf. J. Savulescu \u2013 A. Sandberg \u2013 G. Kahane, \u00abWell-Being and Enhancement\u00bb, \u00een J. Savulescu \u2013 R. ter Meulen \u2013 G. Kahane (edd.), Enhancing Human Capacities<\/em>, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 2011, e-book,\u00a0 24-43, 24.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[v]<\/a> \u201e\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u0163irea organismului uman este o interven\u0163ie care dep\u0103\u015fe\u015fte scopul medicinii\u201d – E. Pellegrino, \u00abOltre la terapia: \u00e8 lecito il potenziamento umano?\u00bb, \u00een J. Tham \u2013 M. Losito (edd.), Bioetica al futuro. Tecnicizzare l\u2019uomo o umanizzare la tecnica?<\/em>, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Citt\u00e0 del Vaticano 2010, 215-243, 226.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[vi]<\/a> European Parliament. Science and Technology Options Assessment, Human Enhancement. Study<\/em>, European Parliament, Brussels 2009, 17.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[vii]<\/a> T. Lewensa, \u00abEnhancement and human nature: the case of Sandel\u00bb, Journal of medical ethics<\/em> 35 (2009), 354-356, 354.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[viii]<\/a> V. Menuz – T. Hurlimann – B. Godard, \u00abIs Human Enhancement also a Personal Matter?\u00bb, Science and Engineering Ethics <\/em>online (2011),\u00a0 http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/content\/e1325u62hpg16303\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[ix]<\/a> Unii autori propun s\u0103 folosim termenul \u201ereproiectare\u201d (re-engineering<\/em>) \u2013 Cf. C.C. Hook, \u00abNanotechnology and the Future of Medicine\u00bb, \u00een N.M. de S. Cameron – M.E. Mitchell (edd.), Nanoscale: issues and perspectives for the nano century<\/em>, Wiley, Hoboken 2007, 337-357, 347.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(bioPHObia) de Andrei-Claudiu Hri\u015fman     Societatea postmodern\u0103 ar putea fi numit\u0103 \u201esocietatea eficien\u0163ei\u201d pentru c\u0103 totul graviteaz\u0103 \u00een jurul principiului cost-eficien\u0163\u0103, inclusiv fiin\u0163a uman\u0103 \u015fi activit\u0103\u0163ile sale, de aceea p\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi politicile statului sau politicile sociale nu de pu\u0163ine ori se orienteaz\u0103 dup\u0103 acela\u015fi principiu al eficien\u0163ei[i].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[61,817,27],"tags":[314,31,1157,1117],"class_list":["post-8495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biophobia-rubrici","category-egophobia-34","category-filosofie","tag-andrei-claudiu-hrisman","tag-biophobia","tag-egophobia-34","tag-filosofie"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p6DakB-2d1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8495"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8495\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8499,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8495\/revisions\/8499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8495"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8495"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egophobia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}